The IMGT unique numbering was therefore a breakthrough in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics when it was defined for the first time in 1997 for the variable (V) domain. Owing to the particularities of their synthesis that involve DNA rearrangements, there was a need for a systematic and coherent numbering of the amino acids and codons, whatever the molecule, configuration or chain type. The antigen receptor IG and TR variable domains form a huge repertoire of 2.10 12 different specificities per individual. The data accuracy and consistency are based on the IMGT Scientific chart rules generated from the axioms and concepts: IMGT ® standardized keywords (IDENTIFICATION axiom, concepts of identification), IMGT ® gene and allele nomenclature (CLASSIFICATION axiom, concepts of classification), IMGT ® standardized labels (DESCRIPTION axiom, concepts of description), IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Collier de Perles (NUMEROTATION axiom, concepts of numerotation). The IMGT ® databases and tools, built on the IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms and concepts, bridge the gap between genes, sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures. The variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) genes of the antigen receptors were officially recognized as ‘genes’, as were the conventional genes, at the 10th Human Genome Mapping (HGM10) Workshop, in New Haven, allowing IG and TR gene and allele classification. The creation of IMGT ® marked the birth of immunoinformatics, a new science at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. IMGT ®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system ® ( ), was created in June 1989 at Montpellier, by Marie-Paule Lefranc (University of Montpellier and CNRS) to characterize the genes and alleles of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies and T cell receptors (TR) and to manage the huge and complex diversity of the adaptive immune responses of the jawed vertebrates (or gnathostomata) from fishes to humans. These concepts provide IMGT ® immunoinformatics insights for antibody V and C domain structure and function, used for the standardized description in IMGT ® web resources, databases and tools, immune repertoires analysis, single cell and/or high-throughput sequencing (HTS, NGS), antibody humanization, and antibody engineering in relation with effector properties. The accuracy and the consistency between genes and alleles, sequences, and three-dimensional (3D) structures are based on the IMGT Scientific chart rules generated from the IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms and concepts: IMGT standardized keywords (IDENTIFICATION), IMGT gene and allele nomenclature (CLASSIFICATION), IMGT standardized labels (DESCRIPTION), IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Collier de Perles (NUMEROTATION). The creation of IMGT ® marked the birth of immunoinformatics, a new science, at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. Under these HGM auspices, IMGT ®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system ®, was created in June 1989 at Montpellier (University of Montpellier and CNRS). At the 10th Human Genome Mapping (HGM10) Workshop, in New Haven, for the first time, immunoglobulin (IG) or antibody and T cell receptor (TR) variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) genes were officially recognized as ‘genes’, as were the conventional genes.
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